nawyveti biologiis doqtor, nodar mindiaSvilis wignidan
“organuli soflis meurneoba”

saxeobaTa da jiSTa SerCeva organul miwaTmoqmedebaSi

Oorganul miwaTmoqmedebaSi daSvebulia yvela saxeobis kulturis moyvana.Ppirvel wesad maTi saxeobebis da jiSebis SerCevisas unda iqces maTi Sesaferisoba da Semguebloba garemo pirobebTan. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia konkretuli daskvnebis gamotana mosavlianobis da uaryofiTi faqtorebis neitralizaciis Sesaxeb. unda vicodeT monacemebi atmosferuli da temperaturuli pirobebis, niadagsafaris tipis da siRrmis, niadagis reaqciis, sakvebi nivTierebis maragebis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb. saWiroa vicodeT monacemebi Tavad kulturebis Sesaxebac. magaliTad: simwife, zrdis siCqare, mdgradoba avadobaTa da mavnebelTa mimarT, konkurentunarianoba sarevelaTa mimarT da sxv.

Teslbrunvisadmi miZRvnili Tavidan naTlad Cans, rom memcenareobaSi yvelaze stabilur kulturebs warmoadgens samyurebi, samyura-marcvlovnebi da mudmivi nairbalaxovnebi. amitomac organul miwaTmoqmedebaze gadasvlisas problemebi maTTan naklebad Cndeba, vidre meurneobis konversiis dros, rodesac saqme gvaqvs Sromatevad savaWro kulturebTan. sakvebi produqtebis mosavali am dros 10%-mdec ki mcirdeba, Tumca organuli miwaTmoqmedebis mTeli simZlavriT amoqmedebisas es maCvenebeli swrafad imatebs da male aWarbebs winamorbed mniSvnelobebs.  yvelaze Sromatevad process warmoadgens konversiaSi savaWro kulturebis, magaliTad Saqris Warxlis da rafsis CarTva. marcvleulTa Soris yvelaze naklebmomTxovni arian Wvavi da fetvi. isini yvelaze moqnilebi da amdenad, yvelaze martivad adaptirebadni arian ekologiur meurneobebTan. ufro momTxovnia Tritikale da saSemodgomo qeri, xolo yvelaze momTxovni xorbali da sagazafxulo qeria.

seleqciis Tanamedrove etapze kulturul mcenareTa jiSebis nawili gamoirCeva maRali medegobiT avadobebis da mavneblebis mimarT. saxeobis Tu jiSis medegoba sarevelaTa mimarT miiRweva swrafi zrdiT, damokidebulia foTlebis formasa da sidideze da agreTve mocemuli mcenaris alelopaTur funqciaze. ukiduresad mniSvnelovania medegoba stresuli faqtorebis mimarT _ gvalva, Warbi tenianoba, eqstremaluri temperaturebi, niadagis damlaSeba da sxv.

Zveli da aborigenuli jiSebi Cveulebriv gamoirCevian specifikuri nivTierebebis gazrdili SemcvelobiT, gansazRvruli xarisxis parametrebiT, ufro dabali mosavlianobiT da uaryofiTi reaqciiT sasuqebis Setanis zrdaze. Tanamedrove pirobebSi isini arasakmarisad mdgradi arian mavneblebis da avadmyofobebis mimarT. maTi moyvana rekomendebulia specifikuri kontraqtebis farglebSi sawarmo-gadamamuSavelebTan saTanado kompensaciiT, rogorc dabali mosavlianobis mqone arastandartuli produqciisa. mosaSeneblad yvelaze xSirad irCeven Cveulebriv jiSebs garemo pirobebTan detaluri Sefasebis safuZvelze.

5.4 seleqcia da meTesleoba organul miwaTmoqmedebisas

saseleqcio samuSaoebis daxvewa-ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT nel-nela matulobs Tavad jiSis mniSvneloba moweuli mosavlis raodenobasa da xarisxisaTvis. Tu es maCvenebeli 1948 wels 5%-s ar aRemateboda, dRes ukve 30%-s aWarbebs. jiSSi Cven moviazrebT mcenareTa nakrebs erTgvarovani morfologiuri niSnebiT, erTi da imave citologiuri, fiziologiuri, biologiuri da ekonomikuri TvisebebiT, romliTac igi gansxvavdeba mocemuli saxeobis kulturis sxva jiSisgan.

dResdReisobiT, jiSebi SesaZloa davyoT sam kategoriad:

1. Tanamedrove jiSebi _ jiSebi, romlebic maqsimalurad egueba memcenareobis produqciis warmoebis teqnologiebs (xelmisawvdomi sakvebi nivTierebebis sakmarisi odenoba, daqveiTebuli konkurentunarianoba sarevelebTan, pesticidebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba da sxv.). maTgan zogierTs SeuZlia mogvces mosavali gaormagebuli raodenobiT.

2. Zveli da aborigenuli jiSebi _ mindvris kulturebis genofondi,  kargad Seguebuli garemosTan,  romelic xSirad specifikuria da ar gamoirCeva kargi niadagur-klimaturi pirobebiT. isini iZlevian ufro cota, magram samagierod maRalxarisxovan da amasTan erTad, stabilur mosavals.

3. organuli miwaTmoqmedebisTvis gamoyvanili jiSebi _ es axali mimarTulebaa seleqciaSi. jiSi ganicdis seleqcias organuli miwaTmoqmedebis specifikuri pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT imgvarad, rom maqimalur dauaxlovdes mocemuli saxeobis ideotips (idealur jiSs).

Eekologiuri seleqciis ZiriTadi principi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mocemuli SerCeva xorcieldeba uSualod organuli miwaTmoqmedebis pirobebSi. didi mniSvneloba eniWeba mcenareebis bunebriv aRwarmoebas, rac ganisazRvreba maTi sicocxlisunarianobiT. zustad mudmivad gamoyenebuli jiSis bunebrivi kvlavwarmoebis unari uzrunvelyofs seleqciuri masalis ganviTarebas drois da garemo pirobebis cvalebadobis mixedviT.

seleqcia xorcieldeba seleqcionerebis, fermerebis, vaWrebis, gadamamuSavebeli organizaciebis, momxmareblebis urTierT-TanamSromlobiT. TiToeuli dainteresebuli mxare seleqciaSi debs Tavis codnas da moTxovnilebas. seleqcionerebis samuSao mimarTulia sasurveli ideotipis miRebisken organul miwaTmoqmedebaSi miRebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT.

seleqciis meTodebi

seleqciis meTodebi gamomdinareobs organuli miwaTmoqmedebis ZiriTadi principebidan, amitomac isini SeiZleba davyoT Semdeg sam ZiriTad kategoriad:

· daSvebuli (kombinirebuli Sejvareba, Sidasaxeobrivi Sejvareba, ukuSejvareba, damynoba, damynoba lerwamze, gadarCeva);

· dauSvebeli, magram droebiT nebadarTuli (in vitro ganayofiereba, embriokulturebi);

· akrZaluli (genmodificireba, in vitro seleqcia da mutacia, mtvris citoplazmuri steriluroba, protoplastebis Serwyma).

saWiroa sleqciuri meTodis imgvarad SerCeva, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes gadawyvetilebis miReba Semdeg problemur sferoebSi:

· mcenaris uzrunvelhyofa sakmarisi kvebiT;

· maRali konkurentunarianoba sarevelaTa mimarT;

· avadmyofobamedegoba da mdgradoba mavneblebis mimarT;

· produqciis xarisxobrivi parametrebi.

meTesleoba organul miwaTmoqmedebaSi

Teslis warmoebisas, rogorc sakuTari, aseve savaWro miznebisTvis, ekomiwaTmflobelebma unda gaigon, rom xarisxiani saTesle masalis warmoeba qimiuri preparatebis dauxmareblad gacilebiT ufro Sromatevadi procesia da moiTxovs did codnas agroteqnikur disciplinebSi. Aamitomac maT unda icodnen ZiriTadi moTxovnebi Teslis da saTesle nakveTebis mimarT, hqondeT janmrTeli, sufTa, sarevelebisgan Tavisufali nakveTebi, kargi nakvebi mcenareebi, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmneba janmrTeli da sufTa Tesli, an CiTilebi da nergebi dadgenil normebTan SesabamisobaSi.

ekologiuri saTesle masalis, CiTilebis da nergebis warmoebis Taviseburebani:

1. TeslbrunvaSi Sesabamisi agroteqnikis CarTva-gamoyenebis mimarT gazrdili moTxovnileba;

2. mosalodnelia xeliT Sromis gamoyenebis zrdas ucxo saxeobis mcenareTa da sarevelaTa ganadgurebis procesSi;

3. organuli sasuqebis gamoyenebis moTxovnilebis zrda da sxva sakvebi nivTierebebis maragebis Senaxva saSualo doneze;

4. sawyisi gasamravlebeli masalis gadarCevis maRali done;

5. biologiuri Sewamvlis (magaliTad, Pythium oligandrum) gamoyenebis aucilebloba.

sxva aucilebeli pirobebi:

· gardamavali periodis dasruleba;

· sawarmos zoma;

· profesiuli kvalifikacia da muSaobis gamocdileba saTesle-sanerge masalebis warmoebis sferoSi;

· Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis codna (jiSebi, saTesle da sanerge masalebi da sxv.);

· xarjebis dafarva licenziis mopovebiT jiSis mflobelisgan da Teslis serTifikaciis procesis anazRaureba (im SemTxvevaSi Tu ar arsebobs xelSekruleba meTesleobis firmasTan, romelic sakuTar Tavze iRebs am xarjebs);

· teqnikuri baza.

saTesle-sanerge-saCiTile masalebis warmoebisas saWiroa SeirCes mxolod iseTi sawarmo, romelic imyofeba maRal agroteqnikur da teqnologiur doneze da amavdroulad gaaCnia saTesle-sanerge-saCiTile masalis damuSavebis damatebiTi SesaZleblobebi (gawmenda, SefuTva). ekologiuri gasamravlebeli masalis warmoebis procesi warmoadgens sakmaod Sromatevad process.